Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their superior removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical durability, and operational strength. Assessing the perfo

Wastewater treatment systems are facing increasing pressure to effectively remove pollutants and generate high-quality effluent. Traditional techniques often face difficulties in removing certain contaminants, leading to environmental concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a innovative solution for improving wastewater treatm